Who Is (Zwarte) Piet? A Continuing Evolution

Background and Development
Growing Controversy
Change Becomes More Widespread
Controversy Continues
More Sooty Piets
A Turning Point
The Tide Has Turned

2021

Activists have campaigned for ten years against the traditional blackface Zwarte Piet figure, saying it is racist. 2021 is seeing significant change as more and more local Sinterklaas arrivals are now featuring "sooty" Piets instead of blackface. A majority of larger arrivals are now entirely "sooty", while some have a combination of "sooty" and other colors, and others have some blackface.

Change began in the largest cities where public Sinterklaas events, schools, and major retailers have led the switch to different kinds of Pieten. During the pandemic, when all public arrivals were cancelled, Sinterklaas committees have thought about Piet's appearance.

Dutch newspaper AD surveyed more than 210 local authorities, asking what their plans were for their 2021 Sinterklaas event. 123 are having just sooty Piets, 32 will have a combination of both sooty and blackface, and just 10 will have just blackface Piets. The rest (45) hadn't yet decided, are doing something else, or didn't want to say.

Change has greatly accelerated since 2019 when AD asked the same question and 239 towns and villages were having blackface Piets and just 19 had changed to sooty. The pandemic 2020 year, with cancelled in-person arrivals, may have made it a bit easier to make the switch. As spokesman for the Wadden island of Terschelling, said, "Last year the parade was digital and we had a couple of sooty Piets to let people get used to the idea. This year we are switching completely."

Shifting attitudes are shown in surveys by current affairs program EenVandaag's 29,000 member opinion panel. In 2013, 89% did not want any change to traditional blackface Piet. The 2019 results showed support had dropped to 71% and last year, 2020, it had fallen to 55%, with 34% in favor of change and 11% with no opinion.

Even though change has come, it's somewhat reluctant. As the Sinterklaascentrale Friesland said, "To maintain the party, the adjustment is inevitable. I think the discussion is now over. It's done, we just want to party again." A spokesman from Sneek, "I always said: we will be the last to switch, but at some point you have to come along. You can no longer do otherwise. That was caused by people who started shouting loudly." And from Groningen Stadskanaal, "Our gut prefers dark, but that is no longer possible." Others are more positive, such as those in Wijdemeren, "Every Piet can fill it in his own way, as long as they are not black. We hope for imaginative helpers."

AD surveyed municipalities largest core. In some that are "sooty" the smaller centers are still using blackface. For example, Altena, North Brabant, with 19 large to very small centers, has the largest Werkendam with a combination of black and sooty, while the smaller Wijk, Aalburg, Veen, and Genderen are all blackface. However, Nieuwendijk, also small, is just sooty. So survey results represent the larger centers, not the smaller ones.

Some smaller towns and villages are concerned that children well recognize a Piet as a neighbor or relative. Borculo is having their arrival at dusk to make such recognition more difficult.

Yet, the campaign continues. 

This year 100 Kick Out Zwarte Piet activists went to Breda. Breda had "Gray Piets", said to make it harder to recognize them. The demonstrators see this as still racist and a fake solution to the blackface problem. Seven counter-protesters were arrested when they refused to move away from the demonstrators.

Reflecting on the movement ten years in, founder Jerry Afriyie said, "What we have achieved is that 10 years later no one can deny that there is racism in the Netherlands. Just like every movement, slowly but surely we are making progress, but we are not there yet. I’m optimistic because I’ve seen this country be fully asleep, waking up bit by bit. So I think that it is a matter of time that all these people we’re seeing now in black faces that they make the change."

2022

Public opinion continues to change, as shown in a 2022 poll by I&O Research. In just six years the balance has shifted from 65% supporting continued blackface to only 33% in 2022. Such support is down from 38% just a year ago in 2021. This support is lowest, 19%, in the 18-34 age group. One young adult said, "I used to think nothing strange about Zwarte Piet, but in retrospect it is quite strange."  Support is divided along political lines and unsurprisingly strongest among those who support the far-right and anti-Islam parties at 79%. Dutch people whose heritage is from the former colonies in the Caribbean and South America are also strongly opposed. 

Sinterklaas committees continue to make the change. Venlo, where Gray Piets were introduced in 2020 as a neutral solution, has announced that in 2022 there will just be Sooty Piets. The chair of the Stichting Kinderfeesten Venlo, said "Children will see the same Piet in Venlo and Bierick next Sunday as on the Sinterklaas news." The mayor commented, "I appreciate the efforts made to make the celebration of Sinterklaas truly for all children." Venlo is the last large Limburg city to make the switch.

Volendam also said goodbye to Zwarte Piet. The Sinterklaas committees announced, "In order to guarantee safety, we are forced to make an adjustment." The Piets will be "adjusted to the current standard."

However, there are still pockets of extreme resistance to change. In Staphorst villagers tried to keep the Kick Out Zwarte Piet demonstrators out by attacking cars at the exit on the A28. One was bombarded with fireworks and eggs, another had a tire punctured. Three hundred villagers formed the mob. Amnesty International observers reported, "People from the village had formed a kind of cordon around the village and attacked cars. They blew tires, threw eggs, oil, other filth. But what I find especially disproportionate is that they intimidated and threatened my people. And that they stopped people who were on their way to a peaceful demonstration." The demonstration had been sanctioned, but just before the arrival the mayor banned it out of concern for security, saying, "Safety cannot be guaranteed in the village and on the Market Square where the party takes place." Arrests also took place in Zaandam.

The investigation into the riot concluded that the perpetrators were well organized and sophisticated, making their plans ahead of time in private group apps. The report offered options to prevent disturbances in the future, including completely abolishing Zwarte Piet, or not having an entry for several years at all. Amnesty International responded that "is not necessary in a healthy democracy. If demonstration rights are properly facilitated, a demonstration, counter-demonstration, and an event can co-exist." Amnesty expects the municipality to opt for a constructive approach in which "the right to demonstrate is honored and discrimination, violence, and vigilantism are given no room."

So, yes, the pendulum is swinging to more fully embrace Chimney Petes or those with no face paint at all, but not without some continuing push back.

2023

This year, Boland Party Planners BV introduced new Sint and Piet images--showing just chimney Pieten with smudged faces. More and more Sint and Piet items in the shops feature this image, taking the place of the older racially stereotyped images. As these changes continue, it won't be long until they are the only images children will see in books and shops.

2024

Dutch News reported that blackface Pieten had largely disappeared, with pockets of resistance in rural areas.

The Kick Out Black Peit movement, launched in 2011, plans their last campaign for 2025. Founder Jerry Afriyie said they always planned to stop in 2025, “People who preceeded us in the fight against racism without a deadline burned out,”

Background and Development
Growing Controversy
Change Becomes More Widespread
Controversy Continues
More Sooty Piets
A Turning Point
The Tide has Turned

SOURCES

• "Uit enquête blijkt: draagvlak voor Zwarte Piet steeds kleiner" (Survey shows: support for Zwarte Piet is shrinking) by Cyril Rosman, AD, November 11, 2020
• "Onderzoek onder 210 gemeenten: Zwarte Piet in meeste plaatsen vervangen door roetveegpiet" (Research among 210 municipalities: Zwarte Piet replaced in most places by soot wipes) by Juriaan Nolles & Cyril Rosman, AD, November 9, 2021
• "Sooty Piets take over, blackface out of favour in most towns and cities," DutchNews.nl, November 9, 2021
• "Ook Venlo stapt volledig over op roetveegpieten", NOS Nieuws, November, 9, 2022
• "Ten years of the 'Kick Out Zwarte Piet' campaign: what has changed?" by Senay Bozlas, DutchNews.nl, November 13, 2021
• "Anti-racism activists stage demo against Dutch 'Black Pete'," ABCNews, Associated Press, November 13, 2021
• "Zwarte Piet niet meer zwart in Voldam, uiterlijk wordt aangepast," NOS Nieuws, October 20, 2022
• "Inburgerings with Dutch News: Sinterklaas and December 5: Lesson 34: Sinterklaas," DutchNews, November 11, 2022.
• "Intocht Sinterklaas in Staphorst verloopt in grimmige sfeer," NOS Nieuws, November 19, 2022
• "Dutch turn against blackface festive character: poll," france24.com, December 2, 2022
• "Gemeente Staphorst liet ernstsige steken vallen bij rellen rond Sinterklaas in het dorp" by Robert van de Griend, de Volkskrant, May 11, 2023
• "Keti Koti: A celebration of freedom" by Mikko Karjalainen, DiEM25, July 3, 2023.

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